Guide to Buying U.S. Treasuries with Fidelity


Intro
When it comes to building a solid investment portfolio, considering U.S. Treasury securities is often a smart move. They offer safety and stability, making them attractive to both newbie and seasoned investors alike. But purchasing treasury bonds and bills through Fidelity, one of the most recognized brokerage firms, can feel like traversing a maze if youāre not familiar with the ins-and-outs of the process.
This guide will help demystify the purchase of Treasuries at Fidelity. We will break down everything from account setup, the variety of Treasuries available, effective buying strategies, and what you need to keep in mind while diving into this market.
Letās roll up our sleeves and get to work on navigating this vital investment opportunity.
Understanding U.S. Treasuries
Before diving into the purchasing process, itās essential to grasp what U.S. Treasury securities are. They are debt instruments issued by the federal government to finance its spending activities. Investors who buy these securities essentially loan their money to the government in exchange for periodic interest payments and the return of the principal at maturity.
Here are the primary varieties of U.S. Treasuries:
- Treasury Bills (T-Bills): Short-term securities maturing in one year or less, sold at a discount to face value.
- Treasury Notes (T-Notes): Medium-term securities maturing in two to ten years, paying interest every six months.
- Treasury Bonds (T-Bonds): Long-term securities maturing in 20 to 30 years, also making semi-annual interest payments.
Understanding the differences among these options is crucial, as they each serve different investment needs and risk tolerances.
Setting Up Your Fidelity Account
To begin purchasing treasures at Fidelity, the first step is setting up an investment account. Navigate to the Fidelity website and initiate the account opening process. It typically requires personal identification information like your Social Security number and financial details.
Important Considerations
- Have your banking information ready for easy transfers.
- Choose between an individual or joint account based on your investment needs.
- Take the time to explore various account types such as a Traditional IRA or Roth IRA if you're planning to save for retirement.
Once your account is active, you can deposit funds to get started.
Strategies for Purchasing Treasuries
Now that your account is set, letās get into the nitty-gritty of buying treasury securities. Here are some strategies to keep in mind:
- Buy at Auction: U.S. Treasuries are sold directly through public auctions. You can opt for either competitive or non-competitive bidding. Non-competitive bidding guarantees you receive the amount of securities you want at the established yield.
- Secondary Market: If you missed the auction, or if youāre looking for a specific maturity date, you can place an order for Treasuries on the secondary market through Fidelity.
- Consider Interest Rate Trends: Keep an eye on the market. If rates are expected to rise, you might want to wait on purchasing longer-term bonds as they will be priced higher.
- Laddering Strategy: Think about spreading your investments across different maturities. This helps manage interest rate risk and maintains liquidity.
When executing trades, itās important to account for transaction costs associated with buying and selling, as they can nibble away at your returns.
Culmination
In summary, investing in U.S. Treasury securities through Fidelity can be a straightforward process if approached with the right understanding and strategy. Knowing your investment goals, clearly understanding the types of Treasuries, and effectively utilizing your Fidelity account will put you well on your way to making informed decisions. The key is to stay vigilant, researching and adjusting your strategy as needed.
For further research and specific guides, consider visiting Fidelity's website, Wikipedia for more comprehensive info, or financial forums on Reddit to gather community insights.
Understanding U.S. Treasuries
To grasp the intricacies of investing through Fidelity, you first need to understand U.S. Treasuries. Theyāre more than just government bonds; theyāre a fundamental part of the financial landscape. U.S. Treasuries are issued by the federal government to finance its expenditures and manage the national debt. This makes them highly sought after, particularly in uncertain economic climates.
Investing in Treasuries can be an anchor point in an investment portfolio. Theyāre often viewed as safer bets compared to stocks, offering a reliable income stream. Understanding how these securities work lays the foundation for making informed investment decisions.
What Are U.S. Treasuries?
U.S. Treasuries are debt obligations issued by the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Essentially, when you buy a Treasury, you are lending money to the government in exchange for interest payments and the return of your principal at maturity. They come with several guarantees: backed by the full faith and credit of the United States, they are considered one of the safest investments available. They also serve as a baseline for benchmarking other investments in the U.S. financial system.
Types of Treasury Securities
Understanding the different types of Treasury securities is crucial as each serves distinct investment goals and risk profiles.
Treasury Bills
Treasury Bills are short-term securities that mature in a year or less. Theyāre sold at a discount to face value, meaning you buy them for less and receive the full value at maturity. This simplicity is a key characteristic that makes Treasury Bills an attractive option for investors seeking low-risk, liquid investments. Since they donāt pay interest in the traditional sense, many consider them a straightforward savings vehicle. However, the returns are often lower compared to other investments, especially in low-interest environments.
Treasury Notes
Treasury Notes have a slightly longer maturity period, ranging from two to ten years. They pay real interest every six months, which can create a steady income stream for investors. This characteristic makes them appealing for those looking for periodic income without taking on too much risk. Their longer duration, however, also means they can be more sensitive to changes in interest rates, potentially leading to fluctuations in market value.
Treasury Bonds
Treasury Bonds are long-term securities with maturities of 20 or 30 years. Similar to Treasury Notes, they provide semi-annual interest payments and are suitable for investors with a longer time horizon. A notable aspect of Treasury Bonds is their potential for income over a prolonged period. Still, they do carry greater interest rate risk, which can affect their value inversely with rising rates.
TIPS


Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS) are designed specifically to help investors keep pace with inflation. The principal of TIPS increases with inflation and decreases with deflation, so your investment maintains its purchasing power. This feature makes TIPS a valuable option for those worried about inflation eroding their returns. However, they may not provide the same level of income as other Treasuries during stable economic conditions.
Benefits of Investing in Treasuries
Investing in Treasuries has numerous advantages:
- Safety: They are considered low-risk because they are backed by the U.S. government.
- Liquidity: Treasuries can be easily bought and sold in the secondary market.
- Predictable Returns: Especially with fixed interest payments, Treasuries provide predictable income streams, making them ideal for conservative investors.
- Diversification: Including Treasuries in a portfolio can help balance out the cyclicality of stocks and other higher-risk investments.
Setting Up Your Fidelity Account
Setting up your Fidelity account is a crucial first step in purchasing U.S. Treasuries. Without an account, you simply can't access the vast array of Treasury securities available, nor can you leverage the tools that Fidelity provides for research and strategizing. Given Fidelity's reputation and extensive resources, establishing an account is not just a necessity; itās a smart move for both novice and seasoned investors alike.
Fidelity offers a variety of accounts tailored to different investment strategies and preferences. Understanding these options can help you pick one that fits your financial goals. A well-structured account not only simplifies your investment journey but can also optimize the way you manage your tax implications and fund allocations.
Let's break down the process further.
Creating Your Fidelity Account
Creating an account with Fidelity is relatively straightforward but requires careful attention to detail. You begin by visiting the Fidelity website. There, youāll find an option to "Open an Account." After clicking this, you will need to provide personal information, such as your name, address, Social Security number, and contact information. Itās essentially like filling out a form that allows Fidelity to get to know you better.
One key aspect is that theyāll ask you about your investment experience and objectives. This helps them tailor recommendations suited to your profile, making it easier for you to navigate through the world of Treasuries.
Types of Accounts at Fidelity
When it comes to the types of accounts available at Fidelity, you can choose between individual, joint, and retirement accounts. Each serves a different purpose and fits various financial strategies. Letās explore these further.
Individual Account
An Individual Account is arguably the most straightforward option for personal investment. It allows one person to manage investments independently, which means full control over how you allocate funds. This account is particularly beneficial for folks who prefer a hands-on approach to their investments.
One of its key characteristics is the flexibility it offers. Whether you opt for Treasuries, stocks, or mutual funds, you can tailor your portfolio as you see fit. However, keep in mind that profits from this account are subject to capital gains tax. Still, the investment horizon is typically much clearer as you do not have to consider a partner's financial status or decisions.
Joint Account
The Joint Account option is a shared investment space, usually favored by couples or business partners looking to pool resources. This type of account allows both parties to invest jointly, making it easier to manage a shared financial goal, be it saving for a home or retirement.
A noteworthy characteristic of Joint Accounts is that both investors are equally responsible for any transactions. This collaboration can lead to enhanced investment strategies as each party brings different insights into the table. However, coordination and agreement are key; disputes over investment choices can complicate matters and lead to stress.
Retirement Account
Retirement Accounts, such as IRAs, are specifically designed to help individuals save for their retirement. These accounts come with tax advantages that can significantly impact long-term growth, making them a popular choice for the financially savvy.
The unique feature of Retirement Accounts is their potential tax benefits. For instance, contributions to traditional IRAs may be tax-deductible, while earnings can compound tax-deferred until withdrawal. This can lead to a more substantial nest egg over time. However, withdrawals before the age of 59½ can incur penalties, so it's crucial to plan accordingly if you choose this route.
Verification Process
Once youāve selected the account type that best suits your needs, the next step is to undergo the verification process. This typically involves confirming your identity through various means, such as providing identification documents and possibly answering security questions.
Fidelity takes the verification process seriously, ensuring that all transactions are secure and that accounts are only accessed by the rightful owner. This might feel a bit tedious but it acts as a protective barrier. Once your account is verified, you can move forward to exploring investment options, including the purchase of Treasury securities.
It's crucial to ensure all your personal information is accurate during this process, as discrepancies can lead to delays in account activation.
Researching Treasury Options
Diving into the world of U.S. Treasuries without proper research can be akin to setting sail without a map. Before making any decisions, it's vital to comprehend the landscape of the current treasury market. This section aims to arm investors with the insights they need to make educated choices regarding Treasury securities through Fidelity.
Analyzing Current Market Conditions
Understanding the current environment is key when investing in Treasuries. Market conditions can significantly influence yield rates, pricing, and overall investment viability. Factors such as economic indicators, inflation rates, and Federal Reserve policies play a pivotal role. Take a look at a few essential considerations:
- Interest Rates: Rising interest rates hint at a tightening economy, potentially lowering the price of existing treasuries as newer issues offer higher yields.
- Inflation Trends: Inflation can erode the purchasing power of future cash flows. Investors need to keep an eye on projections and actual inflation rates.
- Economic Indicators: Data like employment rates and GDP growth can signal where the economy is headed and subsequently affect Treasury yields.
The prudent investor will keep abreast of these conditions. Websites such as Federal Reserve Economic Data and MarketWatch can provide invaluable insights into these fluctuating metrics, serving as a compass for investors.
Utilizing Fidelity's Research Tools
Fidelity provides a treasure trove of research tools designed to simplify the investigation process. Making the most of these tools can offer clarity and direction when selecting Treasuries. Consider using the following features:
- Screeners: These allow you to filter bonds based on criteria such as yield, maturity, and credit ratings. You can narrow down your choices based on your financial objectives.
- Research Reports: Detailed reports shed light on the outlook for different Treasury securities, providing a deeper understanding of potential risks and rewards.
- Market Analysis: Fidelityās accessible content can guide potential investors through market conditions. This analysis can be instrumental in making informed decisions.


By leveraging Fidelity's research capabilities, savvy investors can cut through the noise and focus on securities that align with their financial goals.
Understanding Yield and Pricing
Comprehension of yield and pricing dynamics is crucial in deciphering Treasuries. Investors need to grasp the relationship between yields and treasury prices to make sound investment decisions. Hereās what you need to know:
- Yield Types: Thereās the current yield, yield to maturity, and yield to call. Each provides a different perspective on the potential return of your investment.
- Price Movements: As interest rates rise, existing treasury bonds may drop in price, inversely affecting yields. Hence, a grasp of this relationship can prevent unforeseen losses.
- Inflation-Linked Securities: TIPS (Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities) offer another layer of understanding, specifically designed to thwart inflationās effects.
A thorough understanding of these elements can better prepare investors when diving into purchases, ensuring they grasp their security's potential outcomes rather than relying on gut feelings.
"The greatest investment you can make, is in yourself. The more you learn, the more you earn." ā Warren Buffett
Thorough research into these options helps in effectively navigating the peculiarity of the U.S. Treasury market. An informed investor stands a far better chance of achieving favorable results to meet their investment goals.
Executing the Purchase
Purchasing U.S. Treasuries can seem a bit daunting for new investors. Yet, understanding how to execute that purchase is pivotal for anyone looking to diversify their investment portfolio with government-backed securities. With Fidelity's online platform, the process has become more straightforward, allowing investors to navigate through various options and execute transactions with relative ease. This section will explore how to make the purchase effectively while considering vital components like platform navigation and types of orders.
Navigating the Online Platform
Fidelity provides a user-friendly online interface designed to enhance the purchasing experience. To begin, youāll need to log into your Fidelity account, which youāve set up previously. Once logged in, locate the āFixed Incomeā section on the main dashboard. Here, you can find U.S. Treasuries available for purchase.
The layout typically breaks down various categories within Treasuries, allowing you to see listings for bills, notes, and bonds side by side. Each option offers specific details such as maturity dates, yields, and current pricing. Familiarizing yourself with this section is paramount, as it equips you to make informed decisions.
By clicking on a specific Treasury, you can delve into more details. Always take a moment to review the information provided, including recent trends and performance metrics. A wise investor looks not just at prices, but at the broader implications of buying a particular security.
Types of Purchase Orders
Understanding the types of purchase orders can significantly shape your treasury investment approach. The distinction between the two primary types, competitive and non-competitive bids, plays a crucial role in individualized investment strategies.
Competitive vs. Non-Competitive Bids
In the world of treasury securities, a competitive bid allows you to specify the yield you wish to earn. This means you get to set terms that may maximize your yield, but it comes with its fair share of risks. If your bid is too low, you might not secure any units of the Treasury at all.
On the other hand, non-competitive bids ensure you will receive the security, as you agree to accept whatever yield is awarded at the auction. This means you get your slice of the pie no matter what, making it a popular choice among many investors, particularly those still finding their feet in the market. For most, non-competitive bids offer peace of mind, guaranteeing that they can participate in the auction without quibbling over specific yields.
A non-competitive bid is often seen as a safe passage for novice investors, ensuring they can secure their investments without undue risk.
Direct Purchase from TreasuryDirect
Another method worth exploring is Direct Purchase from TreasuryDirect. This platform allows individuals to buy securities directly from the U.S. Department of the Treasury without the involvement of intermediaries like Fidelity. While this might seem appealing at first, especially due to the absence of commissions, there are important considerations at play.
Purchasing directly can sometimes limit options compared to Fidelity, as you wonāt have access to their comprehensive research tools or customer support. Moreover, the process might be less user-friendly for those unfamiliar with the TreasuryDirect system. While it allows you to avoid extra fees, it also means a steeper learning curve and added responsibility in managing your investments.
Thus, while it may fit well for experienced investors, novice buyers may find better value through Fidelity, where navigating through options and wishes to speak with someone can mitigate confusion and enhance understanding.
As the journey unfolds, reflect on these methods. Both the platform you choose and the types of purchase orders greatly shape your Treasury investment strategy. Understanding these options will arm you with valuable insights, streamlining your buying process.
Post-Purchase Considerations
Post-purchase considerations are often the unsung heroes in an investment strategy. While acquiring U.S. Treasuries might represent the first step, understanding what comes after can make all the difference in propelling your financial journey forward. After all, an investment doesnāt simply stop producing value once the transaction is finalized; thatās just the beginning of a new chapter. Letās break down the key components that investors should focus on after purchasing Treasuries at Fidelity.
Tracking Your Investments
Once you've bought Treasury securities, tracking their performance should become a staple of your investment routine. It's similar to maintaining a garden; you can't expect to reap a bountiful harvest if you don't keep an eye on how things are blooming.
- Monitoring Tools: Fidelity provides an array of investment tracking tools that allow you to see how your Treasuries are performing directly through your account dashboard. Use these tools to compare your Treasuries against market trends.
- Market Insights: Regularly check market conditions, interest rates, and economic indicators that could affect the yield of your Treasuries. Not just for the sake of curiosity, but to determine if a course correction might be necessary. By understanding the market context, you can make informed decisions.
Tracking your investments doesnāt have to be tedious; make it a habit to regularly review your portfolio to catch any shifts that may require adjusting your action plan.
Interest Payments and Maturity
Understanding interest payments and the maturity of your Treasury securities is crucial. The beauty of Treasuries lies in their simplicity: you lend the government money, and they return it with interest.
- Interest Payments: Treasuries typically pay interest semi-annually. For example, if you own a Treasury Note, you should expect steady income every six months. Make sure youāre aware of when these payments are made, for it can help in budgeting and financial planning.
- Maturity Dates: Be mindful of the maturity dates of your securities. This is when you'll regain your principal investment. If you have different types of Treasuries with varying maturity timelines, you may experience a rolling investment strategy, allowing for liquidity and flexibility.
Impact of Inflation on Returns
Inflation can be a silent adversary when it comes to returns on Treasuries. While they are considered safe investments, their yields can be negatively impacted by rising inflation rates.


- Understanding Real Returns: Your nominal return may look appealing on paper, but if inflation is eating away at that return, it may not feel as rewarding. Knowing the current inflation rate helps in calculating your real returns.
- TIPS as a Hedge: If inflation is a concern, consider Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS). These are indexed to inflation, meaning your principal increases with rising prices. This feature can help safeguard your investments against the eroding effect of inflation.
In sum, post-purchase considerations are essential components of ensuring the success of your Treasury investment. Keeping tabs on your investments, understanding the interest mechanics, and being aware of inflation's impact can truly elevate your investment game.
Tax Implications
Understanding the tax implications associated with investing in U.S. Treasury securities is crucial for investors, whether they're brand new to the market or seasoned pros. Taxation can significantly impact net returns, which makes it essential to grasp the specifics of how these investments are treated under federal and state tax laws. Knowing what to expect can help you navigate your investment strategy in a more informed manner, ensuring that you maximize your gains while staying compliant with tax regulations.
Tax Treatment of Treasury Securities
When it comes to the tax treatment of U.S. Treasury securities, it's essential to highlight that the interest income earned is exempt from state and local taxes. This can be a substantial advantage, especially for investors residing in states with higher tax rates. Hereās a closer look at how different types of Treasuries are taxed:
- Treasury Bills: These short-term securities are sold at a discount and redeemable at face value upon maturity. The difference between purchase price and face value represents your taxable interest, which must be reported in the year that the bill matures.
- Treasury Notes and Bonds: Similarly to bills, interest payments received from notes and bonds are exempt from state and local taxes. However, both types require that you report interest income to the IRS when you receive it.
- TIPS (Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities): These are a bit different. The interest payments may be adjusted for inflation, and while the interest is exempt from state and local taxes, the inflation adjustments increase the basis of the security, affecting your tax situation upon sale or maturity. It's prudent to consult with a tax professional if you're unsure how this plays out.
Being aware of these distinctions can prevent you from encountering unexpected tax liabilities down the road, so do take the time to review your options and stay informed.
Reporting Interest Income
When it comes to reporting the interest income from Treasury securities, you will typically receive a Form 1099-INT from Fidelity or the entity managing your investments. This form outlines the amount of interest income earned during the tax year.
Here are a few considerations when filing taxes related to Treasury securities:
- Documentation: Make sure you keep track of your holdings and any communications regarding interest payments. Having proper records simplifies the reporting process.
- Tax Filing: Include the reported interest income in your tax filing accurately. Remember that even if the interest is exempt from state tax, it still must be reported at the federal level.
- Potential Deductions: In some instances, if you've experienced a loss on your investment, you may be eligible to claim a capital loss deduction.
"Proper tax treatment and reporting can change the game for your investment returns, making knowledge key to realizing the fruits of your labor."
Lastly, itās worth mentioning that while this provides a general overview, tax laws can change and differ depending on individual circumstances. Consulting a tax advisor can help fine-tune your approach and ensure compliance with the latest regulations.
For more detailed information, you can visit IRS or consult state tax authorities for specific state guidelines.
Alternatives to Treasuries
When it comes to investing, having options is crucial. While U.S. Treasuries provide a safe harbor amid market chaos, the investment landscape is broad and offers various alternatives that can complement or substitute Treasuries based on an investor's needs. Recognizing these alternatives can enhance a portfolio's performance and adaptability in different market conditions.
Investing in Bonds and Other Fixed Income Options
Bonds, much like Treasuries, serve as debt securities that allow investors to lend money to various entitiesābe it corporations or municipalitiesāwhile earning interest. Unlike Treasuries, which are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government, corporate bonds carry varying levels of risk depending on the issuer's creditworthiness. Hereās a brief overview of popular bond types:
- Corporate Bonds: Typically offer higher yields than Treasuries but come with additional risk due to the financial health of the issuing company.
- Municipal Bonds: Issued by local and state governments, these bonds often come with tax advantages, providing a tax-free income at the federal, and sometimes state, level. Ideal for investors in higher tax brackets.
- Foreign Bonds: Investing in bonds from other countries can diversify a portfolio and tap into potentially higher returns. However, foreign bonds are susceptible to currency fluctuation risks.
"Investing in bonds is like owning a piece of the borrowers' futureāsome borrowers are solid, others a little shaky."
When considering these options, it's important to assess the risk versus reward. For example, while corporate bonds can yield higher returns, they also come with greater risk, especially during economic downturns.
Yield Comparison with Other Investments
The comparative yield of Treasuries against other investments is an essential factor for investors. Yield is essentially the income return on an investment, expressed as a percentage. To truly appreciate how Treasuries stack up, itās helpful to examine how they hold up against several alternatives:
- High-Yield Savings Accounts: While they provide a safety similar to Treasuries, the returns may not be as attractive in buoyant economies.
- Stocks: Historically, equities have provided higher long-term returns than Treasuries, though with greater volatility. The rough ride can be unsettling, but patience often pays off well.
- Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs): These could offer substantial returns through dividends, appealing to income-focused investors, but the risks involved fluctuates with the property market.
The yield of Treasuries is often considered a benchmark against which to gauge other investment options. In general, when Treasury yields rise, investors may turn to Treasuries for safety. Conversely, in low yield environments, seeking alternatives with higher returns becomes a common practice.
In summary, covering the alternatives to Treasuries is not just about finding substitutes; itās about creating a balanced and informed investment strategy. A detailed understanding of various bond types and comparative yields can empower investors to make well-rounded financial choices. For further information, you may refer to sources like Investopedia, The Balance, and NerdWallet.
By keeping an eye on the horizon and being open to alternatives to Treasuries, investors can better navigate the often volatile seas of the investment world.
Culmination
Purchasing U.S. Treasuries through Fidelity is not just a straightforward transaction, it's a strategic move for any investor looking to fortify their portfolio. In this final section, we will encapsulate the essential details that lead to an effective investment experience in Treasuries, highlighting the rationale behind this avenue of investment and its myriad benefits.
Summary of Key Points
First off, letās summarize the nuts and bolts of what has been discussed:
- Understanding U.S. Treasuries: Investors must grasp what Treasuries are and the varying types availableāincluding Treasury Bills, Notes, Bonds, and TIPS. Each comes with unique characteristics and maturity durations, catering to diverse investment needs.
- Setting Up Your Fidelity Account: The first step in making a purchase is establishing a Fidelity account. The availability of various account typesāwhether individual, joint, or retirementāensures flexibility to many investors. The verification process is designed to protect both Fidelity and its clients, establishing trust from the get-go.
- Researching Treasury Options: Utilizing Fidelity's robust research tools helps investors analyze market conditions, ensuring informed decisions are made. Understanding yields and pricing provides clarity on potential earnings from these investments.
- Executing the Purchase: Familiarizing oneself with the online platform and the differences between purchase orders (competitive vs. non-competitive) is critical. Knowing how to navigate these facets can simplify the purchase process significantly.
- Post-Purchase Considerations: After acquiring Treasuries, tracking investments, understanding key concepts like interest payments, and considering the impact of inflation on returns ensure that investors stay informed about their holdings.
- Tax Implications: Investors need to consider how Treasury securities are taxed and how interest income is reported. Being tax-savvy will undoubtedly pay dividends in the long run.
- Alternatives to Treasuries: While Treasuries are appealing, understanding alternatives, such as other bonds and fixed income options, can provide broader insights into investing strategies and yield comparisons.
In essence, each of these key points reinforces why understanding the purchase process of Treasuries at Fidelity is paramount for leveraging investment potential.
Final Thoughts on Treasure Investments
Wrapping this up, investing in U.S. Treasuries is akin to placing your bets on a secure future. In a world that often feels uncertaināfrom fluctuating markets to geopolitical tensionāTreasuries offer a haven of safety backed by the U.S. government.
Moreover, the simplicity of the purchasing process at Fidelity makes it accessible for both seasoned investors and novices alike. The assurance that comes with regularly receiving interest payments while knowing your principal is safeguarded cannot be overstated.
Invest wisely, stay informed, and may your journey in investing lead to fruitful outcomes.