Understanding Capital Gains on Inheritance


Intro
Navigating the waters of capital gains and inheritance can feel like exploring a maze without a map. Many individuals find themselves grappling with complex tax laws and the true value of inherited assets. When a loved one passes away and leaves behind property or investments, understanding how these can impact your financial situation is critical. Knowing the ins and outs of capital gains on inherited assets not only helps in grasping your overall financial standing but also equips you with strategies to manage potential tax implications effectively.
Inheriting property or stocks isn't easily black and white. From the moment you take possession, the calculations surrounding capital gains kick in. Understanding the basics such as tax basis, market value at the time of inheritance, and how different jurisdictions play a role is fundamental to managing your newfound assets. This article aims to shed light on these nuances, empowering you to make sound financial decisions that align with your lifeās goals.
The Relevance of This Topic
The world of finance isn't just for experts or those with a degree in economics. It's for everyone. By getting familiar with capital gains relating to inherited property, individuals can evade costly mistakes that could haunt them down the road. After all, financial literacy often determines how well one can navigate both expected and unexpected windfalls, creating a foundation for long-lasting financial health.
It's not merely about what you inherit, but how well you understand the implications of it, including taxes and potential future sales. Inheritance can be a double-edged sword, providing financial security for some while introducing burdens for others. Ignorance, as the saying goes, is not bliss in this case; it's crucial to grasp the specifics surrounding your inheritance.
Essentially, understanding capital gains on inherited assets is key for:
- Effective tax planning: Knowing potential capital gains implications helps you prepare for taxes.
- Strategic decision-making: With the right knowledge, you can decide when to sell, hold, or even improve inherited property.
- Long-term financial success: Managing inherited assets wisely contributes to your overall financial strategy and goals.
As this guide proceeds, we will explore what capital gains are, how they affect inherited assets, and ways to mitigate tax burdens. Let's move deeper into the understanding of this complex yet pivotal subject.
Preamble to Capital Gains on Inheritance
For starters, capital gains are not merely abstract numbers tied to financial transactions; they represent the potential value increase that inherited properties may hold. This value can significantly impact one's overall financial standing and tax obligations. Letās break it down a bit further.
Key Aspects to Consider:
- Financial Clarity: Grasping capital gains helps in making informed decisions about whether to sell, retain, or leverage inherited assets. It can spell the difference between a minor boost in personal wealth and a substantial windfall.
- Tax Implications: One of the not-so-fun twists in understanding this topic is that capital gains taxation varies widely, depending on not just federal laws but also state-specific regulations. Having a clear view of how these taxes affect inherited property could mean savings or losses.
- Emotional and Practical Implications: Inheriting property often comes wrapped in emotional baggage. Understanding the financial consequences allows heirs to manage assets judiciously, avoiding decisions driven solely by sentiment.
"Knowledge is power, especially when it comes to managing and preserving family wealth."
As we delve deeper into the subject, weāll explore definitions, various types of inheritance, and how the specifics of capital gains come into play, providing a comprehensive guide for those navigating this complex landscape.
Defining Capital Gains
When navigating the labyrinth of inheritance, grasping the concept of capital gains becomes paramount. Deeply intertwined with the financial repercussions of inheriting assets, capital gains determine how much tax you might have to pay upon selling those assets. This segment of the article elucidates the nuances of what capital gains are and their significance in the realm of inherited properties.
Capital gains, in essence, represent the profit made from the sale of an assetāsuch as real estate, stocks, or even collectiblesāwhen its selling price exceeds its original purchase price or basis. How this is calculated can differ significantly when it comes to inherited assets versus assets purchased during oneās lifetime. The crux of the matter lies in understanding that inherited assets benefit from a mechanism known as "step-up in basis."
This approach allows beneficiaries to recalibrate the assetās value to its fair market value at the time of the decedent's death rather than their original purchase price, commonly resulting in minimal or no capital gains tax due when the property is sold. Therefore, fully understanding capital gainsāin particular regarding inherited assetsācan have profound financial implications for heirs and can also guide effective estate planning. Here's why it matters:
- Impact on Inheritance Value: Knowing how capital gains work allows heirs to gauge the true value of what they are inheriting. This insight aids in financial planning and investment decisions moving forward.
- Tax Liability Awareness: Without awareness of how capital gains are applied to inherited assets, beneficiaries can be blindsided by unexpected tax bills after selling the inherited property.
- Plan for Future Sales: Understanding the capital gains concept enables heirs to strategize when and how to sell inherited assets, which could optimize financial outcomes.
What Constitutes Capital Gains
At its core, capital gains arise from the difference between what you bought an asset for and what you ultimately sold it for. Letās break this down:
- Original Purchase Price: This value, often called the basis, is the amount paid for the asset initially, including any transaction costs associated with the purchase.
- Adjusted Basis: Over time, various factors can adjust this original price. Improvements made to the property, additional costs, or depreciation might all play a role in calculating the adjusted basis.
- Selling Price: When it comes time to sell, the price achieved from the saleāminus any fees or commissionsābecomes crucial in determining the gain.
- Capital Gains Calculation:
- Capital Gain = Selling Price - Adjusted Basis
For inherited assets, this calculation is simplified due to the step-up in basis rule. For instance, if an heir inherits a home valued at $500,000 at the time of the decedent's death, but the decedent originally purchased it for $200,000, the heir's basis would be $500,000.
- If the heir sells the home for $510,000, the capital gain would only be $10,000. This is in stark contrast to a scenario where the heir had inherited the property at a lower original cost without the benefit of the step-up in basis.
By defining capital gains as it relates to inheritance, beneficiaries can not only comprehend their potential tax obligations but also prepare for making adept financial choices regarding their inherited wealth. Understanding doesnāt just empower, it secures the legacy left behind.
Understanding Inheritance
Inheritance is a topic that resonates deeply with many individuals, regardless of their stage in life. It often carries emotional weight, and navigating its legal and financial aspects can be crucial for ensuring a smooth transition of assets. At its core, understanding inheritance can help beneficiaries make informed decisions that not only honor the wishes of the deceased but also protect their own financial interests.
Legal Definitions of Inheritance
Legal definitions play an essential role in how inheritance is interpreted and processed. Inheritance generally refers to the assets and liabilities passed down to a person upon the death of a relative or close friend. These assets can range from tangible items like real estate and vehicles to intangible assets like stocks or bonds. Each jurisdiction may have its own specific statutes governing inheritance, including how assets are treated and the rights of heirs.


- For example, in many places, when an estate is settled, creditors have priority claims on certain assets, which means beneficiaries might receive less than expected.
- Additionally, understanding terms like "intestate" (dying without a will) versus "testate" (dying with a will) is key because these conditions determine how assets are distributed according to state laws.
"Understanding the legal framework around inheritance can prevent future disputes and ensure that distribution aligns with the deceased's intentions."
Different Types of Inheritance
Inheritance comes in various forms, each with unique implications that can affect tax responsibilities and the management of inherited assets. Here are a few notable types:
- Direct Inheritance: This occurs when heirs receive assets directly through the will or estate rules. Itās often the most straightforward scenario.
- Trust Inheritance: If assets are held in a trust, they might bypass probate and can be distributed according to the trust's terms when specific conditions are met. This method might offer some tax advantages.
- Conditional Inheritance: In some cases, inheritance can come with stipulations, such as requiring the recipient to reach a certain age or achieve specific milestones before they can access the assets.
- Life Insurance Proceeds: These are typically passed directly to beneficiaries outside of the will and can provide immediate financial support, often with specific tax considerations.
When it comes to comprehending the implications of these types, itās invaluable to recognize how they influence your financial landscape. Knowing the differences can help beneficiaries strategize effectively for capital gains implications down the line.
Basis of Inherited Assets
Understanding the basis of inherited assets is core to grasping how capital gains operate within the framework of inheritance. The term "basis" refers to the value assigned to an asset for tax purposes. Inherited properties and their basis have significant implications for heirs, as it can affect the amount of taxes they might owe when they decide to sell those inherited items. Asset basis needs to be understood clearly because it can ultimately affect an individual's financial situation significantly.
Step-Up in Basis Explained
One of the most crucial elements in understanding inherited assets is the concept of "step-up in basis." When a person inherits an asset, the tax basis of that asset is typically adjusted to its fair market value at the date of the decedentās death. This is beneficial because it allows the heir to avoid taxes on appreciation that occurred during the decedent's lifetime.
For instance, envision that a property was initially purchased for $200,000; however, at the time of inheritance, its market value has risen to $500,000. The heir would inherit the property with a basis of $500,000, not $200,000. As a result, if they later sell the property for, say, $600,000, only the gain from $500,000 to $600,000 would be subject to capital gains tax.
A step-up in basis can save heirs substantial amounts of tax dollars because they are only taxed on the gains realized since they accepted the inheritance.
This provision results in reduced tax liability, making the inheritances more financially advantageous for the recipients. However, this rule isn't universal. Therefore, it's crucial for inheritors to know the valuation date as well as the current market conditions.
Calculating the Tax Basis
Calculating the tax basis on inherited assets involves a few steps that individuals must consider for accurate financial planning. To determine the basis, the following points come into play:
- Determine the Asset's Fair Market Value: The fair market value is what the property would sell for on the open market. This value needs to be ascertained at the time the decedent passed away. Heirs might require a professional appraisal to get an accurate figure, particularly for unique assets like antiques or art.
- Address Additional Costs: Sometimes, costs associated with the inherited asset may enhance its value. Improvements made before the sale can increase the basis. However, mere upkeep or maintenance does not qualify.
- Keep Detailed Records: Documenting all significant transactions related to the inherited asset, including appraisals or improvements, ensures the tax basis calculation remains transparent and accurate.
- Consider Special Rules: Some states offer specific laws or rules about the basis of inherited assets, so it is crucial for heirs to consult local regulations.
For example, if a shared family property is inherited, and significant renovations were made right after death, those should be noted as they may affect the basis. Ultimately, it's about keeping everything above boardācompiling all necessary information for a clean and prepared tax return when the time comes to sell.
Being aware of how to calculate the basis in inherited assets is more than just a matter of numbers; itās about setting the stage for sound financial decision-making, ensuring that all provisions related to capital gains are correctly navigated.
Distinction Between Capital Gains and Inheritance Tax
Understanding the difference between capital gains tax and inheritance tax is crucial for anyone dealing with inherited assets. These two tax types often confuse people, yet they have distinct roles in how inherited wealth is treated under the law. Getting a clear grip on these can save you a mighty penny down the line.
Understanding Inheritance Tax
Inheritance tax is essentially a tax paid by the estate or individual that inherits property from a deceased person. Not every state imposes this tax, and the rates can vary significantly. For instance, in Maryland, the inheritance tax is 10% on most assets, while in states like Florida, there is no inheritance tax at all. This means that, depending on where you live, your obligations could be drastically different.
In general, triggers for inheritance tax include:
- Value of the estate: If the estate exceeds a certain threshold, the heirs might owe taxes.
- Relationship to the deceased: Close relatives might enjoy lower rates than distant relatives or friends.
However, nuances exist. Many states allow deductions for debts or expenses related to the estate, which can reduce the taxable amount on what's left for heirs.
Capital Gains Tax Implications
Capital gains tax comes into play when you sell an inherited asset for more than its stepped-up basis. After inheritance, the value of the asset is usually adjusted to its current market value at the time of the original owner's death. If you then sell it later for a higher price, you may face capital gains tax on the profit.
For example, if a property was worth $200,000 when inherited but sold for $300,000, the taxable gain would only apply to the $100,000 profit, not the entire sale price. This is where the step-up basis can significantly benefit the inheritor.
Some considerations to keep in mind about capital gains tax include:
- Holding period: Inherited assets automatically qualify for long-term capital gains treatment, regardless of how long you've held them.
- Tax rates: The tax rates for long-term capital gains are often lower than ordinary income tax rates, making strategic selling even more beneficial.
"The tax implications of inherited property can feel like a maze. Knowing the basics can help you navigate it better."
Implications of Capital Gains on Inherited Property


Capital gains on inherited property hold significant implications for both the heirs and the estate itself. Understanding these ramifications is crucial for making informed decisions about what to do with inherited assets. One might not realize immediately that the value of inherited property can fluctuate based on market conditions. Hence, gauging the future of these gains is essential. It helps to navigate the financial landscape surrounding the assets, whether the heir chooses to sell or retain them.
Selling vs. Retaining Inherited Assets
When faced with the decision to sell or retain inherited assets, a variety of factors come into play. Selling the asset can seem tempting; after all, liquidating it offers immediate capital and can address pressing financial needs. However, selling also triggers capital gains tax, calculated on the difference between the selling price and the stepped-up basis. This can sometimes lead to a more substantial tax burden than one anticipates, especially if the asset appreciated significantly in value before the sale.
In contrast, retaining the inherited property may provide long-term benefits. For instance, if the market is expected to rise, holding onto the asset can enhance its value over time. Real estate tends to appreciate in the long run, which could mean larger gains in the future. This decision is not merely about financials; it also taps into emotional components. Some might see the property as a legacy, carrying sentimental value that transcends dollar signs.
"Consider the long game with inherited assets. What feels right today might not be the best move tomorrow."
Market Fluctuations and Their Impact
Market fluctuations can greatly impact the implications of capital gains on inherited property. The value of real estate, stocks, or collectibles can swing like a pendulum. Several elements influence these changes, including economic conditions, interest rates, and broader market trends. Staying informed and reactive to these shifts can mean the difference between a profitable capital gain or a loss.
For instance, witness a scenario where an heir inherits a family home. If the market is on the downturn, selling quickly might yield a lesser price than expected. Conversely, during a seller's market, waiting to sell could result in substantial gains.
In summary, understanding the implications of capital gains on inherited property means walking a financial tightrope, balancing immediate needs with long-term strategies. Grasping the nuances of both selling and retaining inherited assets, alongside staying attuned to market shifts, lays the groundwork for sound decision-making.
Tax Strategies for Inherited Assets
Navigating the world of capital gains on inherited assets requires more than just basic knowledge; it demands a well-thought-out approach to tax strategies. Understanding these strategies can help you mitigate tax liabilities, preserve wealth, and make the most out of your inherited assets. Strategizing effectively ensures that you not only comply with tax laws but also optimize your financial standing for the long term.
Effective Tax Planning
Effective tax planning is the cornerstone of managing inherited assets. Itās not just about knowing when to sell or keep an asset but how to strategically position your financial decisions to minimize taxes. Here are a few core tenets of effective tax planning concerning inherited assets:
- Assessing Your Financial Situation: Start by examining your overall financial pictureāconsider your income, expenses, and any existing tax obligations. This gives you a framework upon which to base your strategies.
- Understanding the Tax Consequences: Any asset inherited will potentially fall under capital gains tax if sold. Knowing the current value of inherited assets can significantly affect your decisions on whether to liquidate or hold.
- Holding Period Considerations: The length of time you hold onto an inherited asset can play a crucial role in capital gains taxation. If you hold it long enough, you might qualify for different tax treatment.
Planning ahead can yield dividends down the line. For instance, if you anticipate selling property that has appreciated significantly, timing your sale can be key. This can involve waiting for a year when your income may be lower, thus reducing your effective tax rate on gains.
Utilizing Tax Credits and Deductions
When dealing with inherited assets, leveraging tax credits and deductions can provide a financial cushion that many donāt fully tap into. Here are some important aspects to consider:
- Deductions from Sales: You can deduct certain costs associated with the sale of inherited property. These could include fees for repairs, agent commissions, or other selling-related expenses that could reduce your overall taxable gain.
- Estate Tax Exemption: Take advantage of the estate tax exemption, which allows a certain amount of an estate's value to pass to heirs free of federal estate tax. Being mindful of both federal and state exemptions can be beneficial.
- Capital Gains Deductions: Utilizing available exemptions for capital gains based on property types or personal residences can also be a practical avenue to reduce your liabilities.
"Planning is bringing the future into the present so that you can do something about it now."
Maintaining an awareness of current tax credits and how they can apply to inherited assets is vital for sound financial planning. Websites like IRS.gov provide valuable resources that keep you updated on available credits, minimising any missed opportunities.
State-Specific Considerations
When delving into the nuances of capital gains on inherited assets, the role of state-specific considerations can't be overstated. Each state in the United States has its own set of laws and regulations governing inheritance and capital gains taxes, which can lead to substantial differences in tax liabilities across the board. This variability can have profound effects on how individuals manage their inheritance and the financial strategies they choose to implement.
Variability in State Laws
The differences in state laws can be vast.
- State Tax Rates: Some states impose high estate taxes while others do not. For instance, New Jersey has one of the highest estate tax rates, while states like Florida do not impose an estate tax at all. This disparity can affect how much of an inherited asset the beneficiaries eventually get to keep after taxes.
- Capital Gains Tax: Similarly, while some states tax capital gains as ordinary income, others may offer more favorable rates. California, for example, taxes capital gains at state income tax rates, which can be quite steep.
This means that understanding the specific tax implications in your state is crucial. Not doing so could result in unexpected financial burdens later down the line.
Case Studies of Different States
To illustrate the profound impact that state-specific laws can have, consider the following examples:
- California: Inheritors in California are often surprised by the combinations of capital gains taxes and income tax rates. When selling a property inherited in California, the beneficiaries could face capital gains tax based on the asset's value at the time of sale, all dependent on the original basis. Furthermore, if one doesn't account for local ordinances, the taxes could leave a bitter aftertaste.
- Florida: On the flip side, inheriting in Florida can be a breath of fresh air. With no state income tax and no estate tax, the financial burden is dramatically lighter. This makes Florida an attractive destination for retirees and individuals looking to pass down wealth without hefty taxation.
- New Jersey: In contrast, New Jersey can put a heavy dent in inheritance plans with its estate tax rates ranging from 0.8% to 16%. Inheritors here must be particularly diligent in planning ahead, perhaps even considering strategies such as gifting assets prior to death to minimize the tax burden.
"Understanding your state's laws on inheritance and capital gains is not just smart; it's essential for financial health. Ignoring these laws may lead to unwanted surprises when handling an estate."
Through these case studies, it becomes evident that the variability in state laws can dramatically alter the tax landscape for inheritors. This reinforces the notion that one-size-fits-all approaches to managing inherited assets can be detrimental. Being proactive and informed about state-specific considerations is not merely advantageous; it can make the difference between a thriving inheritance plan and an overwhelming tax headache.
Practical Considerations for Inheritance Planning


Navigating the complex world of inheritance planning can sometimes feel like trying to find a needle in a haystack. The importance of this topic goes beyond just transferring assets; it's about ensuring that the process is seamless and aligns with the financial goals of all parties involved. A solid strategy not only preserves wealth across generations but also provides valuable peace of mind.
The Role of Estate Planning
Estate planning is not merely about drafting a will. It's more like laying down a map for the future, one that outlines where assets will go upon oneās passing. This includes everything from property and investments to sentimental items like family heirlooms.
One essential element here is clarity. A well-structured estate plan reduces the possibility of disputes among heirs, minimizing potential upheaval. In fact, according to experts, about 70% of families experience conflicts over inheritance due to poor planning. This indicates just how crucial it is to lay down clear terms.
Moreover, estate planning involves making choices about guardianship for minor children, choosing an executor, and considering various financial instruments that can help in managing assets effectively.
Planning ahead not only has tax benefits but also opens the door to strategies that can minimize capital gains taxes on inherited assets. This foresight can prove advantageous, ultimately leading to a smoother transition.
Importance of Financial Literacy
Financial literacy is a valuable asset in itselfāknowing how to navigate financial landscapes can save heirs from heartache and financial missteps. Inheritance involves not just emotional weight but also significant financial implications.
Having a good grasp on matters such as capital gains taxes can empower beneficiaries to make informed decisions. A simplistic approach would lead individuals to believe that just because they inherited an asset, they wonāt owe taxes on it. However, understanding the nuances of how and when taxes come into play is key.
Educating oneself and seeking resourcesābooks, podcasts, or financial workshopsācan illuminate the often murky waters surrounding inherited assets. A well-informed heir is better positioned to decide whether to sell an asset or hold onto it, knowing the potential tax implications either choice might entail.
"Knowledge is power. It can turn an inheritance into the building blocks of a more secure financial future."
Itās not just about understanding how much an asset is worth today but also how its value might change in the future and what steps can be taken to possibly mitigate taxes.
Thus, the intertwined realms of estate planning and financial literacy are indispensable considerations for anyone involved in inheritance planning. They form the backbone of a deliberate strategy, one that can ultimately protect assets and honor the legacy of the deceased.
Seeking Professional Guidance
Navigating the landscape of capital gains related to inherited assets requires more than just a basic understanding of numbers and tax codes. As the saying goes, "a stitch in time saves nine"āconsulting with professionals early on can prevent major complications down the line. Tax laws are often intricate and can change from one year to another, which makes grasping these regulations on your own a daunting task.
A key element to consider is the complexity of individual circumstances. Each inheritance situation is unique; some assets might have significant value, while others may be more straightforward. Furthermore, the asset type (real estate, stocks, or collectibles) can also dictate the level of scrutiny youāll face regarding capital gains. Here, the expertise of tax professionals becomes invaluableāthey can help you untangle this web, ensuring you're compliant while maximizing your benefits.
Additionally, having a solid plan in place is crucial. Consulting a tax professional can help you develop strategies that play the long game. They can guide you through potential tax deductions and credits available in your state or under federal law, which you might not be aware of. Moreover, failing to consult an expert can lead you to make decisions based on assumptions rather than facts.
The importance of seeking professional guidance cannot be overstated; it is an investment that can pay off significantly in the long run.
When to Consult a Tax Professional
Knowing when to consult a tax professional can save you both time and potential headaches. If you're dealing with a sizeable inheritance, itās prudent to seek advice early. For instance, if an estate includes real estate or significant stock holdings that have appreciated in value, understanding the potential capital gains tax implications is key.
You should consult a tax advisor when:
- Youāre uncertain about the initial tax basis of the inherited asset.
- You plan on selling the inherited property and are unclear about any possible gains.
- You wish to implement a strategy to limit tax exposure while planning for future inheritance distribution.
- You want guidance on specific tax credits or deductions that may apply to your situation.
In many cases, waiting until tax season to consult an advisor can be too late, leaving you little room to maneuver for optimal end-of-year strategies. Timing is everything, after all.
Choosing the Right Financial Advisor
Selecting the right financial advisor is like finding the missing piece of a complex puzzle. Given the substantial financial decisions surrounding capital gains and inheritance tax, youāll want someone who understands your unique situation. Firstly, ensure that they have relevant experience specifically in inheritance matters. Not all financial advisors specialize in this area, and their expertise can make a notable difference.
When choosing, consider the following factors:
- Credentials: Check for designations such as Certified Financial Planner (CFP) or Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA). These signify an advisor's level of training and commitment to their field.
- Experience: Look for someone who has successfully navigated capital gains issues related to inheritances in the past.
- Communication Style: Itās vital your advisor can explain complex concepts in a way thatās comprehensible to you. You donāt want to feel lost in jargon.
- Transparency: Make sure they discuss fees openly. Whether itās commission-based or a flat fee arrangement, know what you're entering into.
Ultimately, choosing the right financial advisor can empower you to make informed strategic decisions about your inherited assets, potentially leading to considerable financial advantages.
Ending and Key Takeaways
First off, letās clarify the fact that the notion of capital gains doesnāt simply mean tax bills looming in the distance. Instead, it offers a lens through which one can view the financial horizon with greater clarity. Grasping the concept of the step-up in basis, for instance, shows how inheriting property affects the tax landscape. When you inherit an asset, the tax basis resets to the fair market value at the time of inheritance, often reducing the capital gains tax liability for the inheritor if they decide to sell.
This reset is pivotal, especially in the volatile world of real estate where market fluctuations can result in significant gains or losses. Understanding this can empower individuals to make better decisions about whether to sell inherited property or hold on for the long haul, based on both their financial situation and market conditions.
Moreover, navigating through estate planning and tax strategies is of paramount importance. Knowing when and how to consult professionals can save you time and prevent costly mistakes. Thereās an old saying that goes, "A stitch in time saves nine." This certainly applies here, as an ounce of prevention through expert advice can lead to healthier financial outcomes in the long run.
Key Takeaways
- Resetting the Tax Basis: The step-up in basis can significantly influence the tax implications of inherited assets.
- Timing Matters: Understanding market fluctuations is necessary for making informed decisions regarding sales of inherited property.
- Professional Guidance is Essential: Knowing when to seek help from financial or tax experts can prevent errors that might lead to larger issues down the road.
- Financial Literacy Enhances Decision-Making: Awareness and comprehension of tax laws surrounding inheritance are crucial. Knowledge in these areas can arm individuals with the savvy they need for effective estate management.
In sum, the intricacies of capital gains on inherited assets are considerable yet navigable. By embracing financial literacy and seeking appropriate advice when needed, inheriters can align these financial matters with their broader financial goals. Being aware of how to maneuver through these waters becomes not just beneficial but outright necessary in todayās economic climate.